Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

The famous Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde was written by Robert Louis Stevenson and has remained popular ever since its publication in 1886. Robert was born in 1850 and was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was brought up a calvalist, however followed the bohemian life style. He married Mrs. Fanny Osbourne in 1880 and supported Priest Dameor who cared for the lepers. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a rich tale of the duality of mankind and how we are in ‘essence creatures created for good’, however in all of us there is the seed to do bad. The moral of the story is an old biblical one that many Christians recite daily in prayer†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil’. This might be one of the reasons Stevenson wrote this book; Jekyll lives a double life of propriety and shame, imprisoned by the moral demands of Victorian society, and so did Stevenson. He too was surrounded by upright, religious and rigid citizens. He was even pressured into studying law at Edinburgh University. This book was written as a horror story. We know this because of the settings and plot. Stevenson wrote the book at the time of many murders in the east of London and the complete ignoring of social values and heartless deeds committed by Mr Hyde are totally in synch with Jack the Ripper and Sherlock Holmes. Mr Hyde represents the exact opposite of what Victorian gentlemen should act and the savageness of his actions is what made the book so scary back then. The story takes place in London during the nineteenth century. The central mood of the novel is one of mystery and terror. Stevenson creates dark settings to create a mood of anticipation and mystery. E.g.’ He was aware of an odd, light’. Mr Hyde only comes out in the dark, foggy night, which subsequently makes the reader suspect mainly sinister intentions and automatically informs the reader that there is an expectation of trouble and something threatening, as the dark brings ominous feelings and terror to the reader. Stevenson changes the weather from regular night to more dark and foggy so that it is almost impossible to see clearly, therefore emphasising the fact through the fog, there is something concealed and surreptitious lurking about which makes the reader feel anxious. Also, he makes the character more evil looking in the dark e.g.’ In the darkness of the night he gave an impression deformity without any namable malformation’. This makes the reader picture a horrific creature that makes them feel defenceless and exposed. Stevenson describes the fog being broken up as a ‘haggard shaft’. This gives the sense of destructiveness and violence. Also the quote ‘swirling wreaths’ gives the sense of death as wreaths is what is placed on-top of a coffin. Finally Stevenson describes the gloomy avenues as ‘mournful re- invasion of darkness’ which gives the sense of decay and obscurity. All these quotes also make the reader feel uneasy and apprehensive. The quotes ‘It seems she was romantically given’ and ‘London from all around very silent’ gives an eerie effect and provides a somewhat peaceful response. These quotes are also examples of emotive language, because they give the reader an emotional response. ‘A certain sinister block’ and ‘tramps slouched’ are both examples of figurative language which gives the reader a precise picture of what is in the setting. The quote ‘tramps slouched’ gives us an unpleasant image of what reality was really like for the poor, making the reader feel uncomfortable as well as sympathetic. As addition to Stevenson using figurative and emotive language, he also uses a wide range of verbs like ‘ragged’ and ‘dingy’ which helps the reader to get a detailed picture of the insecurity and filthiness in which they lived through, and adjectives like ‘ragged children huddled’, which illustrates the fear and torment which even children went through. The quotes ‘low growl of London’ and ‘city in a nightmare’, all give off the impression that the streets of London at the time were grimy, dangerous, dingy and simply terrifying places to live. Also the word ‘growl’, an example of personification, gives a sense that there is a savage, ruthless and a ferocious monster prowling about London. Finally the metaphor, ‘light of some strange conflagration’, gives a reference hell which makes the reader feel uncomfortable. Even though there are many quotes referring to the struggles of Victorian society, there are on the other hand several quotes which describe the other side of Victorian society which was entirely different. For example, ‘bachelor house’, ‘close by the fire’ and ‘gratefully to bed’, all give off a cosy, warm, safe and welcoming impression. So yet again we have another contrast of the rich, warm, safe Victorian residence to the poor, insecure and generally tough Victorian slums. This shows that if you were rich you could use the power whatever way you like, however if you were poor, you were trapped in a world of poverty and in a sense of revulsion. There are three main characters in the novel, Dr Henry Jekyll, Edward Hyde and Mr Utterson. Dr. Henry Jekyll is a prominent middle- aged doctor and throughout the novel he is physically described as both ‘tall’ and ‘handsome’. He is also extremely wealthy and by all who him, he is described as well respected and proper. For example, Stevenson describes Jekyll as a ‘entertainer’ and a person known for ‘charities’ which gives the impression that Jekyll is a warm, pleasant, middle class gentleman. In the book, his voice is only heard in the concluding chapter (Henry Jekyll’s full statement of the case), only after being described through the lens of Utterson, Lanyon, Poole and Enfield. The doctor’s belief that within each Human- being exists two countering forces, good and evil, leads to his experiments to try to separate the two. This however, was not done merely for scientific reasons, but also because he enjoyed escaping the confines of the respectable guise of Dr. Jekyll. The quote which illustrates this is ‘The transformation was succeeded by a sense of joy’. This also suggests that people didn’t know what was right and what was wrong and would do and ask questions later. Also in the book he is described as ‘less distinguished for religion’, which suggests he too questioned Christianity like many other people of his time. For example, Darwin challenged religion as he came up with the theory that we evolved from monkeys which would mean the world wasn’t made is seven days. Edward Hyde is a ‘small’, ‘deformed’, ‘disgusting’ young man (much younger than Dr Jekyll) that is devoid of an apparent profession. Also the quote ‘deformed’ illustrates that some Victorians disliked and rejected disabled people. Stevenson describes Hyde as ‘callous’ and ‘violent’ and ‘a murderous mixture of timidly and boldness’, which gives the impression Hyde is a fierce, ruthless, brutal monster. Despite the many descriptions of the horror that Edward Hyde invokes (by Lanyon, Utterson and Enfield), we are never told in detail precisely why or what features are so disgusting to observers, which emphasises the fact the novel was made in the time where phrenology (judging someone by their appearance) was the key to knowing if someone was good or evil. Hyde is also often compared to animals e.g.’ snarled’, implying that he is not a fully evolved Human- Being. Another factor which suggests he is compared to animals is the fact he only menaces society at night e.g. trampling a girl in the street and murdering Sir Danvers Carew, which relates him to rodents and other nocturnal animals. Finally the quote ‘the man seems hardly human’, illustrates the fact Hyde is not a whole and has something missing†¦. Good. Mr Utterson is the narrator of the book and is described as ‘tall’ and ‘loveable’. He is a middle- aged lawyer plus someone that all the characters confide in throughout the novel. As an old friend of Jekyll, he recognises the changes and strange occurrences that centre around both Jekyll and Hyde. Stevenson describes Utterson as a ‘reliable’ and ‘Modest man’ which suggests he is perhaps the most circumspect and respected character in the book; therefore, it is significant that we view the crimes of Hyde through his observant frame. However, when Utterson discovers Hyde’s body in a red cabinet, instead of reporting it to the police he precedes in reading a letter addressed to him, which suggests he is more interested in his social status than solving the mystery. The quotes ‘his friendship seemed to be founded in a similar catholicity of a good nature’ and ‘his friends were those of his own blood or those who he had seen the longest’, illustrates the fact he is insular, biased and narrow-minded. Knowing this makes the reader question if the story is told accurately and truthfully. The thing I noticed about this novel is that all the women are either victims or maids. E.g. the girl who got trampled on, the maid who witnessed the murder of Sir Danvers Carew and the house maid. This suggests that the middle class Victorian society were very sexist. However, if a Victorian was to read a modern day horror story, they would probably come up with the same conclusion, as the majority of victims in today’s horror stories are women. The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is typical of the horror genre as it has many factors in which we would expect to see in a horror story today. For example, the story is mainly set at night, there are victims and most importantly the evil character is punished at the end of the novel. Mr Utterson is the narrator of the book and we are told the story through his eyes and told as though it’s true. This contributes to the element of suspense as we only know what Utterson knows. Suspense is also built up as Stevenson writes as if there is a final explanation as to whom the mystery figure is but doesn’t let on and instead lets the suspense build. He occasionally allows a small amount of information out just to whet the appetites and keep up an atmosphere of mystery and confusion. For example, at the end of chapter five (Incident of the letter), Utterson says ‘Henry Jekyll forge for a murderer’. Not only does this make you wonder who the murderer is, but it also makes the reader want to read on. This atmosphere, one of controlled suspense, gradual building up of a sense of horror and destruction is achieved through a slow accumulation of unemotional detail, as this leaves the reader wondering what the characters are like and what they might do . I believe horror stories today do still follow a similar pattern, in the fact people who do bad deeds are usually punished, they are packed with suspense and often include someone trying to solve the mystery or catch the villain or monster, which in our case is Mr Utterson. However, the major difference in more recent examples of the genre is the tendency to locate the monstrous squarely within the normal, rather than presenting it as a threatening creature, such as Mr Hyde and Frankenstein, all made by individuals. Alfred Hitchcock had in fact changed this direction of the horror genre in 1960 with Psycho; the movie not only presented its most frightening moment, the shower murder, it also suggested that horror resides in everyday life rather than in alternative worlds of the supernatural or the gothic. Finally, the recent so called ‘slice and dice’ films, such as Halloween, and ‘living dead’ movies such as the ‘night of the living dead’ are demonstrations of how contemporary special effects technology can depict increasingly gruesome and imaginative dismemberment and mutilation usually at the expense of character, plot and theme. Even though these are all films, we can still see how there is a greater desire for horror stories which are related to everyday occurrences or objects. In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson illustrates the devastating effects of meddling with God’s creation and how our negative and evil desires and urges can overtake our original selves until we lose touch of who we once represented. Furthermore, Dr Jekyll’s desire and addiction to temporarily alter his existence results ultimately in his deadly demise. Jekyll and Hyde demonstrates how innocent curiosity about the darker sides of our nature can soon get out of hand and how evil is compulsive and how evil can so easily take control of the good. Stevenson has used Jekyll and Hyde to show that everyone has good and evil inside them. He portrays this very well by using the setting to portray good and evil e.g. dingy street and a grand residence. He also makes a very important point which is relevant today as it was in the nineteenth century. This is that bottled antisocialable behaviour can lead to sudden violent outpourings, such as seen in Hyde’s murder of Sir Danvers Carew. In Victorian society no one questioned God so the idea of something happening which isn’t controlled by God would be unusual. Also electricity had only just been invented so people were quite wary about the things science could do. I think the main theme in the book is duality and how London is split into good and evil, rich and poor, scientific fact and experimenting new ideas. The final point I wish to mention is how they kept secrets. On the outside people were warm and inviting, however inside, people kept intimate secrets, such as dealing with drugs, alcohol and prostitution. I believe this was probably due to the fact there wasn’t much pleasure in this type of life. There are many morals included in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde; however there are two main morals which stand out, one straight forward moral and a more complex moral. The straight forward moral is that if you do bad deeds you will be punished and also how addiction can lead to violence and how violence can lead to murder. The more complex moral, however is about the appeal of being Mr Hyde. Because Mr Hyde is described and talked about so much, he is probably the most interesting and exciting character in the book, which turns the straight forward moral on it’s head and makes Hyde the most appealing character in the novel. I believe the relevance of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde has changed considerably over the last hundred years. The main difference is that the Victorians saw this book religiously, however now when we read this book we think it’s about personal weakness and how addiction can lead to evil. A Victorian also wouldn’t see the relevance of drugs and alcohol in this book, nor would they understand the relevance of addiction and what effect it has. Some may say that as humans, we wear masks. Not real masks, but masks that cover up our true personality showing our good side around our friends and our bad side around our family. These are great examples of man’s fight in duality; our good side is always competing against our evil side, resulting in our duality, our fight over good verses evil. In this story, Doctor Jekyll is a regular scientist with the same feelings as every other human being; Mr. Hyde is a manifestation of Doctor Jekyll’s evil side and as a result, he is able to commit murder without any guilt. In the end, the evil manifestation won, taking completely over the Doctor’s body. The fight between good and evil is over! Finally, I believe the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is about how Dr Jekyll struggles to decide either to do the right thing and be a good citizen, or to do the thing Dr Jekyll desires the most and to be Mr. Hyde which he knows is wrong.

War Poetry

Modern History Sourcebook: World War I Poetry: Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967):†How to Die† Link to Collected Poems [At Columbia] Wilfred Owen (1893-1918):†Anthem for a Doomed Youth† Link to Collected Poems [At Toronto] Wilfred Owen: â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† Herbert Read (1893-1968): â€Å"The Happy Warrior† W. N. Hodgson (1893-1916): â€Å"Before Action† Wilfred Gibson (1878-1962) â€Å"Back† Link to Collected Poems [At Columbia] Philip Larkin (1922-1985): â€Å"MCMXIV† Link to Poems [At Hooked. net] Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967) â€Å"How to Die† Dark clouds are smouldering into red While down the craters morning burns.The dying soldier shifts his head To watch the glory that returns; He lifts his fingers toward the skies Where holy brightness breaks in flame; Radiance reflected in his eyes, And on his lips a whispered name. You'd think, to hear some people talk, That lads go West with sobs and curses, And sullen fa ces white as chalk, Hankering for wreaths and tombs and hearses. But they've been taught the way to do it Like Christian soldiers; not with haste And shuddering groans; but passing through it With due regard for decent taste. Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) â€Å"Anthem for a Doomed Youth† What passing-bells for these who die as cattle? -Only the monstrous anger of the guns. Only the stuttering rifles' rapid rattle Can patter out their hasty orisons. No mockeries for them from prayers or bells, Nor any voice of mourning save the choirs,- The shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells; And bugles calling for them from sad shires. What candles may be held to speed them all? Not in the hands of boys, but in their eyes Shall shine the holy glimmers of goodbyes. The pallor of girls' brows shall be their pall; Their flowers the tenderness of silent minds, And each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds. Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars u nder sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs And towards our distant rest began to trudge. Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind. Gas! GAS! Quick, boys! — An ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime . . . Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,As under I green sea, I saw him drowning. In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. If in some smothering dreams you too could pace Behind the wagon that we flung him in, And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin; If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corr upted lungs, Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues, — My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old lie: Dulce et decorum estPro patria mori. Herbert Read (1893-1968) â€Å"The Happy Warrior† His wild heart beats with painful sobs, His strin'd hands clench an ice-cold rifle, His aching jaws grip a hot parch'd tongue, His wide eyes search unconsciously. He cannot shriek. Bloody saliva Dribbles down his shapeless jacket. I saw him stab And stab again A well-killed Boche. This is the happy warrior, This is he†¦ W. N. Hodgson (1893-1916) â€Å"Before Action† By all the glories of the day And the cool evening's benison, By that last sunset touch that lay Upon the hills where day was done, By beauty lavisghly outpoured And blessings carelessly received,By all the days that I have lived Make me a solider, Lord. By all of man's hopes and fears, And all the wonders p oets sing, The laughter of unclouded years, And every sad and lovely thing; By the romantic ages stored With high endeavor that was his, By all his mad catastrophes Make me a man, O Lord. I, that on my familiar hill Saw with uncomprehending eyes A hundred of Thy sunsets spill Their fresh and sanguine sacrifice, Ere the sun swings his noonday sword Must say goodbye to all of this;– By all delights that I shall miss, Help me to die, O Lord. Wilfred Gibson (1878-1962) â€Å"Back†They ask me where I've been, And what I've done and seen. But what can I reply Who know it wasn't I, But someone just like me, Who went across the sea And with my head and hands Killed men in foreign lands†¦ Though I must bear the blame, Because he bore my name. Philip Larkin (1922-1985) â€Å"MCMXIV† Those long uneven lines Standing as patiently As if they were stretched outside The Oval or Villa Park, The crowns of hats, the sun On moustached archaic faces Grinning as if it were all An August Bank Holiday lark; And the shut shops, the bleached Established names on the sunblinds, The farthings and sovereigns,And dark-clothed children at play Called after kings and queens, The tin advertisements For cocoa and twist, and the pubs Wide open all day; And the countryside not caring The place-names all hazed over With flowering grasses, and fields Shadowing Domesday lines Under wheats' restless silence; The differently-dressed servants With tiny rooms in huge houses, The dust behind limousines; Never such innocence, Never before or since, As changed itself to past Without a word–the men Leaving the gardens tidy, The thousands of marriages Lasting a little while longer: Never such innocence again.

Greek Art in Ancient Greece and Faraway Lands Essay

The classical period of Greece (490 – 323 B. C. ) saw the artists perfecting their style. Following Alexander’s conquests, ancient Greece entered the Hellenistic period (323 – 31 B. C. ) (â€Å"Timeline of Ancient Greece†). Of course, Alexander the Great was not the only god of the ancient Greek civilization. Ancient Greeks worshipped plenty of gods that were believed to have appeared to them in human form with extraordinary strength and beauty (â€Å"Culture†). Professor Harris describes Euhemerus as the philosopher responsible for presenting Greek myths as simple stories to his readers. Euhemerus’ interpretation of Greek mythology was considered radical in his times. It was he who wrote that Greek gods and goddesses were human beings to begin with. Because of their extraordinary feats or the cultural and/or social value that they added to life in ancient Greece, their ordinary humanity was turned into godhood in the minds of ancient Greeks (Harris). Thus, ancient Greek gods and goddesses were portrayed in painted scenes on stone, vases, and also with bronze and terracotta sculptures for the sake of remembrance. Although many of the ancient Greek temples honored multiple gods and goddesses, certain places showed greater reverence to a sole deity or a pair of gods, e. g. Olympia’s Zeus, and Eleusis’ Demeter and Persephone (â€Å"Culture†). For reasons described above, the ancient Greeks downplayed the divine aspects of their gods by giving them a typically human form, as the example of the Torso of Apollo reveals (See Appendix I). Made in 2nd century AD, the Torso of Apollo of marble shows young Apollo, â€Å"the Greek god of light, music, archery, healing, atonement, prophecy, and flocks and herds† (â€Å"Torso of Apollo†). The figure was popular with both Greeks and ancient Romans. It is an unclothed manifestation of perfection, splendor and courage with Apollo wearing a belt over one of his shoulders to which a case for holding arrows was fastened at his back (â€Å"Torso of Apollo†). By showing the god as distinctly human, the artist inspires into viewers the spirit to take Apollo for a courageous model and turn into heroes themselves. After all, Apollo was not only a gentle lover of the arts but also domineering to the extent that he was cruel to those who challenged his supremacy among ordinary mortals (Ingfei, 2002, p. 9; â€Å"Apollo†). What is more, he was intelligent and handsome enough to be taken as a model by the ancient Greeks. With the sun as his special symbol, Apollo did not only show physical courage but was also a supporter of intellectual pursuits (Leadbetter, 2004; Regula, 2009). He was known as the god of poetry, medicine, and intellectually enquiry to boot (Leadbetter). In other words, he was next to perfect. Athena Parthenos, too, was considered immaculate in ancient Greece. The Parthenon is a classical temple dedicated to the woman, considered the goddess of wisdom (See Appendix II). The temple was built between 447 – 432 B. C. on the Acropolis, which is in the capital city of ancient Greece, Athens. It has survived despite severe damage over the centuries (â€Å"Art,† 2008). Perikles, the famous politician of Athens, had championed the construction of the Parthenon (â€Å"The Parthenon†). Some of the architectural features of the temple have been described thus: †¦[R]ectangular floor plan with a series of low steps on every side, and a colonnade (8 x 17) of Doric columns extending around the periphery of the entire structure. Each entrance has an additional six columns in front of it. The larger of the two interior rooms, the naos, housed the cult statue. The smaller room (the opisthodomos) was used as a treasury. (â€Å"The Parthenon†) The temple was constructed with marble, and mainly represented the Doric order with features of the Ionic order incorporated in its sculptural program (Kerr, 1995). The Doric order gave Parthenon its series of ninety two metopes (with panels of sculptured reliefs depicting law and order and struggle); and triglyphs on its entablature. Additionally, the Doric order made the temple a peripteral, simple-looking structure with short and thick columns (â€Å"The Parthenon†). The â€Å"continuous sculpted frieze† of the Parthenon represents the Ionic order, however (â€Å"The Parthenon†). There are four tall and slim columns of the temple, too, that represent this architectural order which happens to support the opisthodomos’ roof at the Parthenon. The capitals or the columns’ tops that are built using the Ionic order have volutes, which are the names of the curlicues special to this order (â€Å"The Parthenon†). Above the metopes and triglyphs of the temple lie the pedimental sculptures, one of which shows the birth of Zeus – yet another god for the ancient Greeks (â€Å"The Parthenon†). The frieze of the temple, running â€Å"around the upper edge of the temple wall† and inside from the metopes and the triglyphs shows day to day life in ancient Greece, the rituals of the Greeks, processions, musicians, gods and goddesses, and much more (â€Å"The Parthenon†). Indeed, the place of the frieze in the sculptural program of the temple is unique, seeing as it does not only portray real life and beliefs of the ancient Greeks, but also gives the Parthenon a central place in the life of Athens. The temple was, after all, a place where religious festivals as well as sacrifices were held. Moreover, this temple gave Athena Parthenos a special place to stay for the protection and welfare of the Athenians (â€Å"The Parthenon: Religion, Art, and Politics†). Whether or not the ancient Greeks would consider it Athena Parthenos’ blessing that took ancient Greek art styles to faraway lands, the fact is that even the ancient art of the Nabataeans and the Arabs experienced the influence of Greek artists. Vries & Osinga (2005) state that â€Å"[t]he Nabataeans at their height spread as far north as Damascus, to the coast of the Mediterranean at Gaza in the east and to Madain Salih in the south. † But, the Nabataean kingdom came under Roman rule in the year 106 A. D. It became an Arabian province at the time (Vries & Osinga). The Nabataeans were caravan drivers on a large scale. Roman traders visited Petra even before the Nabataean kingdom was taken over by the Romans. These traders came to conclude transportation agreements with the Nabataeans. The latter traveled around the world with merchandise – â€Å"between the Red Sea and the Nile, and sometimes as far away as the Delta† (Sartre, Porter, & Rawlings, 2005, p. 268). Unsurprisingly, therefore, their temples expose a variety of influences on the hearts and minds of the Nabataeans (Vries & Osinga). Vries & Osinga write: The many structures are so diverse that it is difficult to categorize them, at least without oversimplifying or overlooking what may be important details. Philip Hammond, who excavated the Temple of the Winged Lions, concludes that it might be more faithful to the diversity of the temples to see them not as derivatives of Iranian temples, Roman temples or other, but to recognize the borrowing of constructional and decorative technique and to concentrate on why each was unique. (Vries & Oringa) Sartre, Porter & Rawlings write that Nabataeans were so influenced by Greek art – following the Roman invasion – that they spread that influence in many parts of Arabia. Nude heroes of the Greeks have been found in Arabia and believed to have been conveyed there by the Nabataeans (Sartre, Porter & Rawlings, p. 269). However, Vries & Oringa have uncovered Egyptian influence in the temples of Nabataeans to boot. Describing one of the most significant temples left by the Nabataeans, the authors state: [T]he Wadi Rum temple took its layout from Egyptian models, specifically the Egyptian Temple Dayr Chelouit. The only reference to the Roman world would be columns of the Wadi Rum Temple. Dharih might also be kin to the Egyptian Temple of Coptos, while the Qasr al-Bint and the Temple of the Winged Lions find construction parallels there also (Vries & Oringa). Then again, Greek and/or Roman influence seems to be most profound. Although temple plans of the Nabataeans do not appear typically Roman, decoration outside of the temples may be recognized as distinctly Roman and/or Hellenistic. As an example, the external decoration of Khasneh makes it appear as though it was built in Alexandria (Vries & Oringa). Even so, Vries & Oringa believe that the Nabataeans did not simply copy the designs that were handed down to them by Romans. Instead, they took influence in their stride, sometimes appropriating â€Å"the general structure,† but modifying and adapting it as time went on (Vries & Oringa). In other words, they were open to influence, but also believed in maintaining their local traditions. Taylor (2001) agrees with this view. In her book, Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans, she explains that the Nabataeans did not make copies as slaves would. Rather, Greek ideas were amazingly transformed by the Nabataeans into works of art keeping â€Å"a distinctively Nabataean flavor† (Taylor, p. 92). No wonder, Petra remains as an incomparable feast for the eyes for all lovers of art. Vries & Oringa write that the art of Nabataeans, in particular the sculptures they made, also changed from era to era; that is, even before the Romans came to rule the Nabataean kingdom, the Nabataeans went on altering their artistic style (Vries & Oringa). Perhaps their visits to foreign lands brought such changes to the art of the kingdom. But, once the Romans had arrived on the scene, the Nabataeans did not only borrow the artistic styles of the Greeks but also others’. The sculptures of deities in Tannur, for example, appear both Hellenistic and Oriental. The Nabataeans also seem to have been influenced by the Syrian artistic style, as revealed through sculptures at both Dharih and Tannur (Vries & Oringa). Although Hellenistic artistic style â€Å"of classical proportions† is most often cited as an influence on Nabataean art, there were plenty of sculptures made by the Nabataeans that did not appear Greek at all even though they were made while the Nabataeans were living under Roman rule (Vries & Oringa). Vries & Oringa cite â€Å"the simple standing block† as an example of such artwork. The fact that the Nabataeans maintained their local flavor in their artistic style shows that these people did not wholly lose their cultural identity at the time. Even the Romans may have delighted in the diversity revealed through Nabataean art, simply because the Nabataeans mingled with many peoples at the time. What is more, the adaptation of Greek art to new cultures must have been viewed as a triumph of ancient Greek artistic styles. After all, ancient Greek art continues to be celebrated around the world to this day. References Apollo. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://felc. gdufs. edu. cn/jth/myth/Greek%20Online/5Apollo. htm. Art. (2008). Ancient Greece. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://www. ancientgreece. com/s/Art/. Culture. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://www. crystalinks. com/greekculture. html. Harris, W. Euhemerus. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://community. middlebury. edu/~harris/SubIndex/greekmyth. html. Ingfei, C. (2002, Aug 2). The Sun also Heals; Some believe. International Herald Tribune. Kerr, M. (1995, Oct 23). â€Å"The Sole Witness†: The Periclean Parthenon. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://people. reed. edu/~mkerr/papers/Parth95. html. Leadbetter, R. (2004, Jan 31). Apollo. Encyclopedia Mythica. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://www. pantheon. org/articles/a/apollo. html. Sartre, M. , Porter, C. , & Rawlings, E. (2005). The Middle East under Rome. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Taylor, J. (2001). Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans. London: I. B. Tauris. Timeline of Ancient Greece. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://www. aspasiaproject. com/timeline. htm. The Parthenon. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://academic. reed. edu/humanities/110Tech/Parthenon. html. The Parthenon: Religion, Art, and Politics. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://employees. oneonta. edu/farberas/arth/ARTH200/politics/parthenon. html. Torso of Apollo. (2000). The Detroit Institute of Arts. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009, from http://www. cartage. org. lb/en/themes/arts/scultpureplastic/SculptureHistory/GloriousScul

Injury prediction and prevention screening in sport Essay

Injury prediction and prevention screening in sport - Essay Example It will also critique papers and identify the best screening practice covering a wide range of sports and screening tools used for both elite athletes and recreational sports. This review will assess various databases including, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar in order to establish various studies relevant to this subject matter. The literature shall be narrowed down to the following inclusion criteria: studies on injury prediction and prevention screening, studies on athletes, servicemen, and other active individuals, studies published from January 2003 to January 2013, and studies published in the English language. The credibility of the authors and the publication will be assessed, including the validity and the reliability of the studies. In the paper by Myer, et.al., (2011), the authors set out to apply sensitive laboratory tools in order to establish predictive tools which impact on increased knee-abduction movement (KAM) during landing. The study covered a sufficient population of respondents evaluating two groups of athletes—female basketball and soccer players. The study however chose to cover a single-county public school district, limiting the general applicability of the results. The respondents were asked to participate in testing athropometrics, maturation, flexibility, and strength and landing biomechanics. The study revealed that an increased knee abduction angle, quadriceps recruitment, tibia length, and BMI with lower knee flexion represent 80% of the variance in the KAM in instances of drop vertical jump. In effect, females who manifest increased KAM would be more responsive and would likely manage better after neuromuscular training. Such findings help in identifying those who have a higher ris k for injury assisting also in their neuromuscular training in the prevention of related risks.

Health care sector Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health care sector - Research Paper Example Health care is provided by practitioners in medicine, chiropractic, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, allied health, and other care providers. It denotes the activity done in rendering primary care, secondary care and tertiary care, besides public health (Premier Occupational Health Care, 2009). The availability of services to doctors differs from country to country, groups and individuals, greatly affected by cultural and financial conditions as well as the health policies in that region. States and dominions have diverse policies and programs with respect to the health care targets of their societies in terms of population growth. In any country, the system of healthcare is established in order to fulfill the health needs and requirements of the target population and thus, the exact configuration of this system varies from one country to another (Kaplan & Esther, 2003). Every organization possesses its own professional and occupational differences which are based on the culture of the country, organization, or on the nature of the job description. In the health care department also, there exist certain factors which are responsible for creating the occupational disparities within the jobs. Some of those factors are discussed below: One of the factors of great importance, which usually creates occupational differences these days, includes gender. Many countries, and their business organizations, tend to differentiate between male and female worker in term of the jobs assigned to them. Besides this, the element of job segregation is also one of the major contributors on the differences between genders which have been observed in the exposure to hazards at workplace. Both the genders have a strong separation at the place of work and they are also exhibited to be holding dissimilar positions in the hierarchal ladder of the organization. Not only this, but both the genders are subject to pay differences

Dissertation - Conclusion Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

- Conclusion - Dissertation Example The study adopted a qualitative approach through which both primary and secondary data were collected. Quality interview of one executive at the college was conducted and data from the students were collected through survey questionnaires. The role of the researcher was restricted to a participant observer. Secondary data has been obtained through extensive research on the academic libraries. The first objective was to evaluate the current international marketing strategy adopted by universities globally. The study finds that the education sector does not follow the traditional marketing framework. The students are different from customers and the HEIs are different from consumer products. The HE products are intangible which restrict the application of the marketing principles. Consequently the marketing mix and the targeting and positioning also differ. The marketing principle suggests that all marketing activities should be geared towards what the consumer wants. The consumer shou ld attain the different levels of benefits from the marketing efforts of the organization. Thus, the HEIs now go in for accreditation, which enhances the image of the institution. Students are more concerned with the image and reputation of the university and they seek reviews from past students before they make their decision. Relationship marketing has been adopted by many universities as consumers seek a closer relation with the institution they would be going to. Overseas seminars have been found to be an effective way to reach out to the consumers which also enables first-hand contact with the college authorities. The colleges should also distribute more of the prospectus with details of the standing of their past students. The prospectus could become an advertising medium and reach those nations and consumers who may never have heard of the college. The second objective was to evaluate the drivers of change in the current environment. Globalization, competition and marketizati on have altered the way academic institutions reach out to the students. Education is now a global, market-oriented, private industry and international mobility of students have driven change in the sector. Since the education sector adds to the GDP of most nations, governments are also changing their policies and procedures for this sector. Apart from adding to the GDP, the education sector also contributes in other ways to the nation’s growth. Singapore for instance, benefits from international competitiveness in innovativeness and technology. As competition increased and other nations stepped in, the UK authorities introduced scholarships for achieving higher levels of market share. Fees are steep in the UK and deter many students from enrolments. The private institutions do not have any cap on the fees the can charge and on the number of international students they can take in. This benefits the UK economy and hence government support should be forthcoming even for the pr ivate institutions. The curricula have been found to be lacking in practical experience although the universities claim that the teaching faculty is from the business world. However, circumstances such as these have forced the colleges to ensure that teachers have sufficient practical experience before they join an institution. The third objective was to determine the factors that influence the location decision in the field of tertiary education. Immigration formalities are lengthy, rigorous and time-consuming.

Outcomes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Outcomes - Essay Example The evaluation criteria for this outcome will constitute determination of the number of nurses who are familiar with the re-education program and its goals. Another outcome will be reduced cases of victims of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) especially patients in acute care setting. The evaluation criteria will employ data recording of the percentage of patients reported as having contracted Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs).Increased overall performance of the nurses in regard to organized patient data and reference literature at the point of healthcare service (Peter, 2010). The evaluation criteria for this outcome will be the record of the reported number of nurses that fail to complete the hand washing procedure checklist. It is important to underscore the relationship existing between the highlighted outcomes to the multiple set of standards as well as differing groups’ needs and priorities. It is important to note that the outcome must emphasize patients’ vulnerability to Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) and health care providers’ compliance level. This means that the priority is to boost re-education effectiveness and translate this into reduced cases of poor hand washing practice among the healthcare providers. The parties of interest in the overall design of the outcome are the patients and the health care providers. The basic standards would constitute threshold of 80% of the nurses that must be familiar with the re-education program and its goals by the end of first year. This percentage will help in establishing the effectiveness of programme and serve healthcare management towards monitoring the progress of quality services (Peter, 2010). A recommended 20% decrease in number of victims of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) especially patients in acute care setting. This is in line with the overall patient centered priority in evading Hospital Acquired Infections and its risk that in extreme

Cold War Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cold War - Coursework Example The term the â€Å"Cold War† was first used by George Orwell in his article that was published in 1945 referring to what he predicted would be a nuclear stalemate between the world’s two monstrous super powers (Walker, 1995). Since the USSR and the USA fought as allies during the Second World War, it was expected that their relationship would subsequently be friendly and firm. However, this never happened and instead they turned out to be enemies and rivals (Sheehan, 2003). This paper will discuss the Cold War and its various aspects including the nature of the war; causes of the war; the effects of the war; the end of the war; and the aftermath of the Cold War. The Nature of the Cold War After the Second World War, the USSR and the US emerged as the world’s two superpowers with profound ideological, political and economic differences. These two superpowers were very distrustful of each other; they lacked mutual understanding of alien culture and each sought to e nhance their economic and military capabilities (Gaddis, 2007). Both of them created some of the most intriguing economic and political policies, and developed weapons of destructive capability. So, what exactly was the nature of the Cold War? This question can be answered by understanding the ideological, economic and political policies that each of them upheld and attempted to spread to other parts of the world. All these policies were largely aimed at enhancing these two superpowers’ individual political and economic capability within the international system. They each wanted to control a large number of allies on their sides and to benefit from resources from the allies that they would have wooed to their side (LaFeber and LaFeber, 2008). On one side, the US advocated for democratic states characterized with periodic free elections, upholding of rule of law, respect of human rights, freedom of expression and movement, and constitutionalism among others. On the other hand , the USSR was advocating for autocratic states characterized with fixed or no elections and limited freedoms and rights among citizens (Walker, 1995) The USSR preferred states that have strong central government and whose citizens have limited freedoms and rights. Also, the US on one hand pushed for capitalism as the preferred economic system around the world, while the USSR advocated for communism as her preferred economic system. Capitalism is an economic system that is founded on the concept of individualism and free market (LaFeber and LaFeber, 2008). On the other hand, communism is founded on the concept of collectivism and state control of the markets. In pursuing their divergent interests, the US and the USSR separately acquired allies mainly in Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe. The conflict between these two superpowers became increasingly apparent through military coalitions with their respective allies, espionage, nuclear and conventional arms race, strategic conventional military deployments, enormous propaganda campaigns, as well as through technological competitions (Gaddis, 2007). Causes of the Cold War Historians are of the view that there were multiple factors that caused the Cold War. The first main cause was that the Soviet Union wanted to propagate and spread its communism ideology worldwide and this alarmed the Western world and especially the Americans

Hedging an Equity Portfolio Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hedging an Equity Portfolio - Coursework Example Zero cost collars can be defined as a strategy which is created by buying a put and selling a call in the same underlying security so that the strike price of the call gives rise to the exact amount of profit to negate the loss in the put option, so that the underlying scenario leads to neither loss nor gain. This action or strategy is mostly used by the bullish traders or investors who anticipate always a rise or a hike in value of the underlying securities and thus the investors want to protect their position by offsetting the excessive rise in prices by putting a collar or a ceiling and simultaneously creating a put to offset the hike in prices leading to profit. The zero cost strategy is mostly carried out using LEAPS options. The profit of the zero cost collars can be calculated by using the formulae- Purchase price of the shares – strike price of the call whereas the minimum loss can be a stock price at the beginning- strike price of put-/+ net credit or debit on trade.T he zero cost collar can be used to protect the investors investment effectively since utilizing this strategy we can mitigate the losses completely and even if the investor is a bullish trader then the zero collar strategy can be used to even reduce the amount of price hike or value hike in the case of the afore mentioned underlying securities. We have taken the date on 3/7/2014. Thus we have shown the strike price, sale price of the call and sell price of put of FTSE 100 index.

Continuum of care for maternal,newborn,and child health in Australia Essay - 1

Continuum of care for maternal,newborn,and child health in Australia - Essay Example The failure of the maternal health usually leads to the death of the infants (World Health Organization, 2013, p. 67). The death of the mother denies the infant the maternal care, which is essential in the growth and development of the child. Additionally, the mothers who fall sick during pregnancy are at risk of infecting their children. Therefore, the pregnant mothers ought to be offered antenatal healthcare services for the welfare of both the mother and the child. Australian maternal care involves skilled birth professionals. Guenther and Vittori (2008, p. 79) claim that the engagement of skilled personnel in midwifery prevents newborn and mother deaths during delivery. The offered health care services also enhance access to nutritious food for the children, which helps the children gain natural immunity against a wide array of diseases (Palmer and Short, 2010, p. 36). The Australian medical authority also has programs, which enlighten mothers on better and hygienic practices of caring for children. According to Lewis (2009, p.83), the maternal healthcare services enable the children to receive early preventive healthcare against diseases like malaria, tetanus, polio and pneumonia. Ideal healthcare services also guarantee exclusive breastfeeding, which affords the children with antibodies (Hally, 2008, p. 57). The antibodies are instrumental in the natural protection of the children from many infections. The healthcare for the mothers and children in Australia incorporates oral rehydration. The rehydration is fundamental in preventing diarrhea

Engineering Design Process Essay Example for Free

Engineering Design Process Essay An Industrial Engineer is designing a procurement process for Spinney’s Supermarket and after studying the demand for cereals, he concludes that the demand for cereals follows a normal distribution and falls between 200 to 230 boxes per week. Therefore, the demand of the cereal is a random variable because the demand can fluctuate between 200 and 230 boxes however; the demand will not decrease or increase tremendously unless some unusual event occurs. Using this estimate, the industrial engineer can decide how much cereal to procure in a certain week so that demand can be fulfilled without storing extra inventory. During his study, he also finds out that the mean demand for cereal is 217 boxes per week and the standard deviation (which is the difference of the actual demand from the projected demand) is 15 boxes per week then he can find out the percentage of actual demand that is above 230 boxes per week since this will help him to decide whether to store extra inventory or not because if the probability of demand to exceed 230 is low then he might decide not to fulfill those orders since their chance of occurrence is low and holding cost is high. To determine the percentage of times the demand exceeds 230 boxes per week, the engineer will use the formula: P (X 230) = P [X (230 – 217) / 15] P (Z 0. 8667) = 1- 0. 8078 = 19. 22% Using this figure, the procurement department has to decide whether they should keep extra inventory or should they not be worrying about the 19. 22% of times when they might be having lost sales.

Online Education vs Traditional Education Essay Example for Free

Online Education vs Traditional Education Essay Have you ever enrolled in an online class and a traditional class at the same time? Kaleb has tried both unfortunately one was more successful than the other. Kaleb is taking Anatomy and English, Anatomy is an online class and English is a traditional class. He excels in his English class due the face-to-face interaction and swift feedback from the instructor and his peers. The online class on the other hand was the total opposite; here he is sitting in front of the computer dazed and confused trying to figure what to do next. Kaleb is an auditory and tactile learner so he needs physical contact and interaction. The online class did not provide that physical contact and feedback he needed so he was not very successful in it. Although online and traditional educations are both forms of learning, traditional education is more informative due to the availability, discussion/communication, and structure. Traditional courses have availability to its advantage considering that some students often fail online courses because of lack in availability. In a traditional course you have that face to face interaction and physical contact. Your professors are available on hand for you to ask questions about things you do not understand. Your classmates are physically available for you all to interact with each other questions. Online courses lack the swift feedback you receive in a traditional classroom. When learning something new you need that immediate availability that the traditional classroom provides. Class communication and discussions are very helpful when taking any type of class. Online courses do have discussions, because the communications for online courses are not definite. Online communication is somewhat unreliable; communicating with a peer online will not always receive a response. Traditional class’s communication and discussion are beneficial; if you have information or responses for one of your peers you will immediately receive a response. Unlike online classes, in a traditional course you have class discussion where you are graded to participate. Having discussions during class gives you an opportunity to give your input on the discussion taking place, it also gives you a chance to voice and concerns you have. Also when you have the face to face interaction that I mentioned in the last paragraph you are able to get a response right away without having to wait on an electronic response. Structure in the classroom is very important. In order to have a successful class you have to orchestrate some type of order. Traditional courses have rules that you must follow if you would like to continue the course that you are enrolled in. Traditional courses have rules such as attendance policies and assignment due dates. Unlike online courses, traditional classes have required participation and presentation you have to perform in every course. Whenever you have these rules and requirements you perform better and excel in your class. Last, even though online and traditional educations are both forms of learning traditional education is more beneficial and informative due to availability, discussion/communication, and structure. Online courses may be preferred by some students, but when enrolled in such a course you have to be prepared and able to teach yourself and learn accordingly. Although, Kaleb tried both online and traditional courses, he realized that traditional courses are more informative especially for him considering that he is a hand on learner. Now Kaleb will think twice before he enrolls into another online class.

What a Games Designer does

What a Games Designer does What is a games designer? A games designer is a person who designs video games. They use programs to create the characters, they storyboard and the graphics. They also write the programs that allow the users to interact with the game. The gaming industry did not begin to develop 1960s and 1970s, when computer programmers at some large universities big companies, and government labs began designing games on mainframe computers (Ferguson page 57). Over the years the gaming industry has grown at an alarming rate. As technology grows so did the game designing industry. Since the gaming industry is so large, many people that have a dream to make games can do it. When interviewing with Terri Banker, he said the most important professional qualities for game designers is to have an interest in communicating with other people, and developing interesting things as a group. And being thoughtful, creative, and patient. But when some people try to get in this industry, they dont know what it tak es to successful game designer. To become a successful game designer, they have to know the background information, education and training requirements and the daily duties with the profession. The background information is the history of game designing. Steve Russell was perhaps the first video game designer (Ferguson page 56). In 1962, when he was in college, he made up a simple game called Spacewar. The graphics of space ships flew through a starry sky on the video screen, the object of the game being to shoot down enemy ships. Nolan Bushnell, another early designer, played Spacewar in college. In 1972 he put the first videogame in an arcade. It was a game very much like Spacewar, and he called it Computer Space. However, many users found the game difficult to play, so it was not a success. Bruce Artwick published the first of many versions of Flight Simulator. Most games were designed for video machines. Not until the later 1970s did specially equipped TVs and early personal computers begin appearing. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, designers working for Atari and Intellivision made games for home video systems, PCs (computer), and video arcades. Many of these new ga mes had graphics, sound, text, and animation. Designers of games like Pac-Man, Donkey Kong, and Space Invaders were successful and popular. Richard Garriott created Ultima, another major role-playing game. Games began to feature the names and photos of their programmers on the packaging, giving credit to individual designers (Ferguson page 57). Workers at Electronic Arts began to focus on making games for PCs to take advantage of technology that included the computer keyboard, more memory, and floppy disks. New technology included more compact floppies, sound cards, and larger memory. Designers also had to create games that would work on more than just one platform such as PCs, Apple computers, and 64 bit video game machines. In the 1990s, Electronic Arts started to hire teams of designers instead of those who design games from start to finish independently because it was so more sufficient. Larger teams were needed because games became more complex. Design teams would include not only programmers but also artists, musicians, writers, and animators. Designers made breakthroughs such as using more entertaining graphics, creating more depth in role playing games, using virtual reality in sports games, and using more visual realism in racing games and flight simulators. This new breed of designers created games using technique s like Assembly, and HyperCard. By 1994, designers began to use CD-ROM technology to its fullest. At some high school there are game design programs may be offered. Even though a college degree isnt required to be a game designer, most companies are looking for creative people who also have a degree (Ferguson #59). There are many degrees for game designs such as BAGD and BSGD. A BAGD (DigiPens Bachelor of Arts in game design) is an interdisciplinary degree program that prepares students to become designers and artists for the electronic and digital entertainment industries. The BAGD faculty works with companies like Nintendo software technology Microsoft, and EA. The BAGD faculties come from a wide range of backgrounds and include individuals with professional experience in game design, development, and art at companies. A BSGD (DigiPens Bachelor of Science in game design) is an interdisciplinary degree program that stresses the importance of having the technology, ability to write computer programs, and also a solid grounding in the humanities and social sciences. The BSGD curri culum is the game industry requires versatile and knowledgeable personnel, and most game designer job description list skills that include scripting and tuning as well as art design. Graduates of this program are prepared to work in the video and electronic game industry (www.digipen.edu). When interviewing with Terri Banker, he was asked what advice you would give high school students who are interested in this career. He responded if you want to start making games, you dont need anyones permission, start now! Not only make them, study them and play them and play them with people. Figure out what goes right and what goes wrong, then fix it and start over. I would say go to college for computer science, art or any other discipline that interests you. Game design is so broad that most career paths will be able to lead you there, but its always good to have a skill that can get your foot in the door. Do things! Play games, watch movies, go to theater plays, etc. Game design is about c reating meaningful experiences. The more experiences you have the better designer you will be. Experiences do not have to be game related though, just as an example Ive worked at a hotel most of my life doing all sorts of things, also a telecommunications company and even a dredging company. I feel all of those experiences save contributed in many different ways to shape my design philosophies. Game designer have many daily duties. Daily work varies greatly, and it will depend on what type of game youre designing, what type of designer there are and what stage of completion the game is on. Initially, they will be crafting a broad design of the game in broad strokes, what do they want the game to be? As the game moves along they will need to define all the features and make a plan for everything the player will be able to do in the game. Then its their turn to design these activities down to their details, and design the ways activities and features interact with each other. They will also need to design all the games systems, the mechanisms and gears that hold the game together. It will be their job to make sure everything is good enough to put in the game and to make sure that everything fits together nicely. Then theyll need to take point on the polish of the game, so that it feels professionally done and provides a quality experience. Each of these steps is iterative, wh ich means that you wont get any of them right on your fires try. They will have to try different things, test them, to see how they fare, adapt, re-design tryagain. When interviewing with Terri Banker, he said this is another one of my favorite parts, I usually dont know what the day is going to be like! This makes it very exciting. One thing to keep in mind though, is that you still work eight hours a day or sometimes more, have meetings, use excel and send emails just like at any other job. One was the most important professional qualities of a game designer is teamwork, listening, communicating, adapting and compromising. The responsibilities for a game designer is to designing the layout and game play of a video game and to heavy coding and programming skills. In conclusion if they love to play games, understanding how games worked, and trying to mess with the worked then game designing is a perfect career for them. Terri Banker advice for new game designer staring out is to play a lot of game and make a lot of game. To find a job in the industry include going to job fairs where they find recruiters looking for creative people to work at their companies, and checking in with online user groups, which often post jobs on the internet. To have better opportunities to advance their position and possibly earn more money, computer and video game designers have to keep up with technology (Ferguson page 61). They must be willing to constantly learn more about design, the industry, and even financial and legal matters involved in development. With background knowledge, education and training and daily duties of the profession, this is what you need to know to have a profession in game designs.

How does Kafka Comment on 20th Century Capitalism Throughout the Novel

How does Kafka Comment on 20th Century Capitalism Throughout the Novel and what Symbolism does he Use to Depict it Firstly, it is important to point out that I don’t believe that the individual characters symbolize a certain social or political group in the novel - the characters’ actions and responses to each other in the in the novel do though, representing a social or political group in a specific situation. For example, the majority of people agree that the father in â€Å"Metamorphosis† represents the powerful capitalist society, being the dominant male figure. If one tries to follow this concept throughout the novel, they will encounter many contradictions. While the father does seem powerful at points, such as when he drives out the lodgers, he is in the start portrayed as a rather idle figure, allowing his son to take the dominant position as the family’s income earner. This detail, which could be of great significance, is many times overlooked. All the novel’s links to capitalism are in the author’s choice of words, the concocted situations and in the character’s interaction. The time period in which â€Å"Metamorphosis† was written in (1912) is very significant, because of its historical impact on the novel and the particular views of the time. America was becoming increasingly prosperous with its capitalist views, and was seen by the world as ‘the land of opportunity’, where anyone could be wealthy. Between 1880 and 1930, approximately 2,800,000 Germans and Czechs immigrated to America, in search of a better life, possibly causing resentment and bitterness from those left behind for the capitalist way of life. Kafka criticizes the capitalist views by portraying situations where the family responds to Greg... ...nces you from humanity, and this is also an argument in favour of Communism. This message is clearly portrayed in Gregor’s family, who are forced to find jobs after Gregor’s transformation. As a result of Gregor’s escape from the capitalist economic order, his family is drafted into it. From what we are told of their work periods, they seem to have become much like the old Gregor in their dehumanising jobs, becoming servants even at their home, for the lodgers. Only when they decide that it is necessary for the lodgers to leave and for them to take a ‘day off’ that that seem to be happy again. Though they mourn for Gregor, and in my opinion, they have some sort of ‘enlightenment’, realizing that their financial condition is not the most important aspect in of heir lives. The family takes a ‘day off’, something Gregor would never have done, and go for a walk together. How does Kafka Comment on 20th Century Capitalism Throughout the Novel How does Kafka Comment on 20th Century Capitalism Throughout the Novel and what Symbolism does he Use to Depict it Firstly, it is important to point out that I don’t believe that the individual characters symbolize a certain social or political group in the novel - the characters’ actions and responses to each other in the in the novel do though, representing a social or political group in a specific situation. For example, the majority of people agree that the father in â€Å"Metamorphosis† represents the powerful capitalist society, being the dominant male figure. If one tries to follow this concept throughout the novel, they will encounter many contradictions. While the father does seem powerful at points, such as when he drives out the lodgers, he is in the start portrayed as a rather idle figure, allowing his son to take the dominant position as the family’s income earner. This detail, which could be of great significance, is many times overlooked. All the novel’s links to capitalism are in the author’s choice of words, the concocted situations and in the character’s interaction. The time period in which â€Å"Metamorphosis† was written in (1912) is very significant, because of its historical impact on the novel and the particular views of the time. America was becoming increasingly prosperous with its capitalist views, and was seen by the world as ‘the land of opportunity’, where anyone could be wealthy. Between 1880 and 1930, approximately 2,800,000 Germans and Czechs immigrated to America, in search of a better life, possibly causing resentment and bitterness from those left behind for the capitalist way of life. Kafka criticizes the capitalist views by portraying situations where the family responds to Greg... ...nces you from humanity, and this is also an argument in favour of Communism. This message is clearly portrayed in Gregor’s family, who are forced to find jobs after Gregor’s transformation. As a result of Gregor’s escape from the capitalist economic order, his family is drafted into it. From what we are told of their work periods, they seem to have become much like the old Gregor in their dehumanising jobs, becoming servants even at their home, for the lodgers. Only when they decide that it is necessary for the lodgers to leave and for them to take a ‘day off’ that that seem to be happy again. Though they mourn for Gregor, and in my opinion, they have some sort of ‘enlightenment’, realizing that their financial condition is not the most important aspect in of heir lives. The family takes a ‘day off’, something Gregor would never have done, and go for a walk together.

Benefits of Soy :: essays research papers

Benefits of Soy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is said Soy has many nutritional benefits when it comes to males and females. The many compounds it provides for us are known to lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease and cancer (web 1). These are just a couple of the main benefits, there are also many other benefits relating to the usage of Soy. For decades, Soy has only been found in health food stores like GNC. Many à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“normalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? food eaters have also laughed at the ones who have a considerable amount of Soy intake. That seems to be changing now since new researches are finding many other nutritional benefits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So what is Soy and where did it come from? The soybean is a legume, also known as Glycine max. The United States is the largest grower of soybeans (50 percent of the world crop). It is not known in the wild and is believed to have been created through cultivation from Glycine ussuriensis, a wild Asian wine (web 2). The soybean was considered one of five sacred grains (along with rice, barely, wheat and millet). Growing may be intolerable in cold locations since it cannot tolerate frost. But other than that, soybeans can be grown in most soils, plants mature in 75 to 200 days.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A study conducted at the Brighton Medical Clinic in Victoria, Australia showed that women who were given 1-1/2 ounces of soy flour every day for 3 months lowered the occurrence of hot flashes by 40% (web 1). Hot flashes are a symptom that occurs during menopause, over 80% of women experience this. The healing agents in soy are phytoestrogens, which can block the negative effects of natural estrogen. By blocking overproduction of estrogen, which is thought to cause breast tumors, Soy can lower the overall risk of breast cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the article Nutrition Health Review, they state that men can also benefit from Soy. Much attention has been given to how women can benefit from the healthful properties of soy, but new research reveals that men should incorporate soy into their diets as well. In November 2001, researchers from around the world shared their research results at the Fourth International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease, in San Diego. Among their key findings: Soy may help slow growth of prostate cancer cells and stabilize the disease in diagnosed patients, and it may reduce blood pressure, which leads to heart disease risk.

Fullers Leila Essay -- Margaret Fuller Leila Papers

Methodological Introduction New historicism is premised upon an ideological attempt to wed the practice of history and literary criticism. In this type of textual analysis, the literary work is juxtaposed with historical events (characteristic of the time period in which the work was produced) in an effort to understand the implications within the text. This line of inquiry serves to recover a "historical consciousness" which may be utilized in the rendering of literary theory. "Poems and novels came to be seen in isolation, as urnlike objects of precious beauty. The new historicists, whatever their differences and however defined, want us to see that even the most unlike poems are caught in a web of historical conditions, relationships, and influences."[1] Such an introspective framework ultimately contributes to a wide variety of conceptualizations in literary analysis; such as Marxism, Feminist criticism, and post-structuralism. This attempt to contextualize literary works in a historical manner is also supp lemental to more conventional types of literary analysis such as deconstructionism. New historicism, however, tends to be representative of a postmodern project which inevitably leads scholars to question the application of historical concepts as an ideological tool in literary analysis. The attempt to establish a connection between a literary text and historical event is often reflective of the paradigms characteristic to the practice of writing history. These paradigms foster a notion of exclusivity which may actually hinder a literary analysis. Such an introspective framework ultimately contributes to a wide variety of conceptualizations in literary analysis; such as Marxism, Feminist criticism, and post-structuralism.... ...ted to sex-based discrimination as determined by the cult of domesticity. Because of the social implications of Transcendentalist thought, the actualization of Leila in the spiritual realm would serve to redefine nineteenth century gender-based exclusiveness within the social context. Bibliography Lawrence Buell. Literary Transcendentalism, Cornell University Press(Ithaca, 1973). Capper, Charles. Margaret Fuller: An American Romantic Life-The Private Years. Oxford University Press(New York, 1992). Murfin, Ross. "What is New Historicism?" in The Scarlet Letter. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Boston: Bedford Books of St Martin's Press, 1991. Kornfeild, Eve. Margaret Fuller: A Brief Biography with Documents. Bedford Books(New York, 1997). Steele, Jeffrey, ed. The Essential Margaret Fuller. Rutgers University Press(New Brunswick, 1992).

Marketing Relationship in the Organisation Essay

Relationship marketing is a form of marketing developed from direct response marketing campaigns conducted in the 1970s and 1980s which emphasizes customer retention and satisfaction, rather than a dominant focus on point-of-sale transactions. Relationship marketing differs from other forms of marketing in that it recognizes the long term value to the firm of keeping customers, as opposed to direct marketing or â€Å"Intrusion† marketing, which focuses upon acquisition of new clients by targeting majority demographics based upon prospective client lists. Development of Relationship Marketing Relationship marketing refers to a long-term and mutually beneficial arrangement wherein both the buyer and seller focus on value enhancement with the goal of providing a more satisfying exchange. This approach attempts to transcend the simple purchase-exchange process with customer to make more meaningful and richer contact by providing a more holistic, personalized purchase, and use the consumption experience to create stronger ties. According to Liam Alvey, relationship marketing can be applied when there are competitive product alternatives for customers to choose from; and when there is an ongoing and periodic desire for the product or service. Fornell and Birger Wernerfelt used the term â€Å"defensive marketing† to describe attempts to reduce customer turnover and increase customer loyalty. This customer-retention approach was contrasted with â€Å"offensive marketing† which involved obtaining new customers and increasing customers’ purchase frequency. Defensive marketing focused on reducing or managing the dissatisfaction of your customers, while offensive marketing focused on â€Å"liberating† dissatisfied customers from your competition and generating new customers. There are two components to defensive marketing: increasing customer satisfaction and increasing switching barriers. Modern consumer marketing originated in the 1950s and 1960s as companies found it more profitable to sell relatively low-value products to masses of customers. Over the decades, attempts have been made to broaden the scope of marketing, relationship marketing being one of these attempts. Arguably, customer value has been greatly enriched by these contributions. The practice of relationship marketing has been facilitated by several generations of customer relationship management software that allow tracking and analyzing of each customer’s preferences, activities, tastes, likes, dislikes, and complaints. For example, an automobile manufacturer maintaining a database of when and how repeat customers buy their products, the options they choose, the way they finance the purchase etc., is in a powerful position to develop one-to-one marketing offers and product benefits. In web applications, the consumer shopping profile is built as the person shops on the website. This information is then used to compute what can be his or her likely preferences in other categories. These predicted offerings can then be shown to the customer through cross-sell, email recommendation and other channels. Relationship marketing has also migrated back into direct mail, allowing marketers to take advantage of the technological capabilities of digital, toner-based printing presses to produce unique, personalized pieces for each recipient. Marketers can personalize documents by any information contained in their databases, including name, address, demographics, purchase history, and dozens (or even hundreds) of other variables. The result is a printed piece that (ideally) reflects the individual needs and preferences of each recipient, increasing the relevance of the piece and increasing the response rate. Scope Relationship marketing has also been strongly influenced by reengineering. According to (process) reengineering theory, organizations should be structured according to complete tasks and processes rather than functions. That is, cross-functional teams should be responsible for a whole process, from beginning to end, rather than having the work go from one functional department to another. Traditional marketing is said to use the functional (or ‘silo’) department approach. The legacy of this can still be seen in the traditional four P’s of the marketing mix. Pricing, product management, promotion, and placement. According to Gordon (1999), the marketing mix approach is too limited to provide a usable framework for assessing and developing customer relationships in many industries and should be replaced by the relationship marketing alternative model where the focus is on customers, relationships and interaction over time, rather than markets and products. In contrast, relationship marketing is cross-functional marketing. It is organized around processes that involve all aspects of the organization. In fact, some commentators prefer to call relationship marketing â€Å"relationship management† in recognition of the fact that it involves much more than that which is normally included in marketing. Martin Christopher, Adrian Payne, and David Ballantyne at the Cranfield School of Management claim that relationship marketing has the potential to forge a new synthesis between quality management, customer service management, and marketing. They see marketing and customer service as inseparable. Relationship marketing involves the application of the marketing philosophy to all parts of the organization. Every employee is said to be a â€Å"part-time marketer†. The way Regis McKenna (1991) puts it: â€Å"Marketing is not a function; it is a way of doing business . . . marketing has to be all pervasive, part of everyone’s job description, from the receptionist to the board of directors. Approaches Satisfaction Relationship marketing relies upon the communication and acquisition of consumer requirements solely from existing customers in a mutually beneficial exchange usually involving permission for contact by the customer through an â€Å"opt-in† system. With particular relevance to customer satisfaction the relative price and quality of goods and services produced or sold through a company alongside customer service generally determine the amount of sales relative to that of competing companies. Although groups targeted through relationship marketing may be large, accuracy of communication and overall relevancy to the customer remains higher than that of direct marketing, but has less potential for generating new leads than direct marketing and is limited to Viral marketing for the acquisition of further customers. Retention A key principle of relationship marketing is the retention of customers through varying means and practices to ensure repeated trade from preexisting customers by satisfying requirements above those of competing companies through a mutually beneficial relationship. This technique is now used as a means of counterbalancing new customers and opportunities with current and existing customers as a means of maximizing profit and counteracting the â€Å"leaky bucket theory of business† in which new customers gained in older direct marketing oriented businesses were at the expense of or coincided with the loss of older customers. This process of â€Å"churning† is less economically viable than retaining all or the majority of customers using both direct and relationship management as lead generation via new customers requires more investment. Many companies in competing markets will redirect or allocate large amounts of resources or attention towards customer retention as in markets with increasing competition it may cost 5 times more to attract new customers than it would to retain current customers, as direct or â€Å"offensive† marketing requires much more extensive resources to cause defection from competitors. However, it is suggested that because of the extensive classic marketing theories center on means of attracting customers and creating transactions rather than maintaining them, the majority usage of direct marketing used in the past is now gradually being used more alongside relationship marketing as its importance becomes more recognizable. It is claimed by Reichheld and Sasser that a 5% improvement in customer retention can cause an increase in profitability of between 25 and 85 percent (in terms of net present value) depending on the industry. However Carrol, and Reichheld dispute these calculations, claiming they result from faulty cross-sectional analysis. According to Buchanan and Gilles, the increased profitability associated with customer retention efforts occurs because of several factors that occur once a relationship has been established with a customer. †¢ The cost of acquisition occurs only at the beginning of a relationship, so the longer the relationship, the lower the amortized cost. †¢ Account maintenance costs decline as a percentage of total costs (or as a percentage of revenue). †¢ Long-term customers tend to be less inclined to switch, and also tend to be less price sensitive. This can result in stable unit sales volume and increases in dollar-sales volume. †¢ Long-term customers may initiate free word of mouth promotions and referrals. †¢ Long-term customers are more likely to purchase ancillary products and high margin supplemental products. †¢ Customers that stay with you tend to be satisfied with the relationship and are less likely to switch to competitors, making it difficult for competitors to enter the market or gain market share. †¢ Regular customers tend to be less expensive to service because they are familiar with the process, require less â€Å"education†, and are consistent in their order placement. †¢ Increased customer retention and loyalty makes the employees’ jobs easier and more satisfying. In turn, happy employees feed back into better customer satisfaction in a virtuous circle. Relationship marketers speak of the â€Å"relationship ladder of customer loyalty†. It groups types of customers according to their level of loyalty. The ladder’s first rung consists of â€Å"prospects†, that is, people that have not purchased yet but are likely to in the future. This is followed by the successive rungs of â€Å"customer†, â€Å"client†, â€Å"supporter†, â€Å"advocate†, and â€Å"partner†. The relationship marketer’s objective is to â€Å"help† customers get as high up the ladder as possible. This usually involves providing more personalized service and providing service quality that exceeds expectations at each step. Customer retention efforts involve considerations such as the following: 1. Customer valuation – Gordon (1999) describes how to value customers and categorize them according to their financial and strategic value so that companies can decide where to invest for deeper relationships and which relationships need to be served differently or even terminated. 2. Customer retention measurement – Dawkins and Reichheld (1990) calculated a company’s â€Å"customer retention rate†. This is simply the percentage of customers at the beginning of the year that are still customers by the end of the year. In accordance with this statistic, an increase in retention rate from 80% to 90% is associated with a doubling of the average life of a customer relationship from 5 to 10 years. This ratio can be used to make comparisons between products, between market segments, and over time. 3. Determine reasons for defection – Look for the root causes, not mere symptoms. This involves probing for details when talking to former customers. Other techniques include the analysis of customers’ complaints and competitive benchmarking (see competitor analysis). 4. Develop and implement a corrective plan – This could involve actions to improve employee practices, using benchmarking to determine best corrective practices, visible endorsement of top management, adjustments to the company’s reward and recognition systems, and the use of â€Å"recovery teams† to eliminate the causes of defections. A technique to calculate the value to a firm of a sustained customer relationship has been developed. This calculation is typically called customer lifetime value. Retention strategies also build barriers to customer switching. This can be done by product bundling (combining several products or services into one â€Å"package† and offering them at a single price), cross selling (selling related products to current customers), cross promotions (giving discounts or other promotional incentives to purchasers of related products), loyalty programs (giving incentives for frequent purchases), increasing switching costs (adding termination costs, such as mortgage termination fees), and integrating computer systems of multiple organizations (primarily in industrial marketing). Many relationship marketers use a team-based approach. The rationale is that the more points of contact between the organization and customer, the stronger will be the bond, and the more secure the relationship. Application Relationship marketing and traditional (or transactional) marketing are not mutually exclusive and there is no need for a conflict between them. A relationship oriented marketer still has choices at the level of practice, according to the situation variables. Most firms blend the two approaches to match their portfolio of products and services. Virtually all products have a service component to them and this service component has been getting larger in recent decades. (See service economy and experience economy.) Internal marketing Relationship marketing also stresses what it calls internal marketing. This refers to using a marketing orientation within the organization itself. It is claimed that many of the relationship marketing attributes like collaboration, loyalty and trust determine what â€Å"internal customers† say and do. According to this theory, every employee, team, or department in the company is simultaneously a supplier and a customer of services and products. An employee obtains a service at a point in the value chain and then provides a service to another employee further along the value chain. If internal marketing is effective, every employee will both provide and receive exceptional service from and to other employees. It also helps employees understand the significance of their roles and how their roles relate to others’. If implemented well, it can also encourage every employee to see the process in terms of the customer’s perception of value added, and the organization’s strategic mission. Further it is claimed that an effective internal marketing program is a prerequisite for effective external marketing efforts. (George, W. 1990) The six markets model Adrian Payne (1991) from Cranfield University goes further. He identifies six markets which he claims are central to relationship marketing. They are: internal markets, supplier markets, recruitment markets, referral markets, influence markets, and customer markets. Referral marketing is developing and implementing a marketing plan to stimulate referrals. Although it may take months before you see the effect of referral marketing, this is often the most effective part of an overall marketing plan and the best use of resources. Marketing to suppliers is aimed at ensuring a long-term conflict-free relationship in which all parties understand each others’ needs and exceed each others’ expectations. Such a strategy can reduce costs and improve quality. Influence markets involve a wide range of sub-markets including: government regulators, standards bodies, lobbyists, stockholders, bankers, venture capitalists, financial analysts, stockbrokers, consumer associations, environmental associations, and labor associations. These activities are typically carried out by the public relations department, but relationship marketers feel that marketing to all six markets is the responsibility of everyone in the organization. Each market may require its own explicit strategies and a separate marketing mixes for each.

Teen Pregnancy

On average, 700 girls are impregnated each year in The Bahamas. Twenty percent of these teen mothers have another child while they are still in their teens according to the president of the PACE Foundation, Sonia Brown. We are urging citizens to take a stand and educate our children about contraceptives and the irresponsibility and lack of knowledge that leads to teenage pregnancy. Most teens that have children find it harder to become a part of the work force because their time is more focused on their child.They are less prepared to enter the working world because they are ill prepared due to being forced to be adults at a young age. Thus, not completing school in most instances. When they enter the Job market these teens need assistance with day care and other services that they are often unable to afford due to their minimum wage Jobs that they barely qualify for. Unplanned teenage pregnancies can lead to higher high school dropout rates, higher rates of single parenthood, and lo wering scores in math and reading.Stopping teenage pregnancy requires a hands-on connection between parents and hildren, a good educational foundation, and unbiased resources. The COB Gazette is campaigning for: *Teaching Sex Education to Stop Teenage Pregnancy Government officials claim that their efforts to fght teenage pregnancy is that they already have parenthood sessions in government schools but those are not effective enough because we still have a large number of teenage pregnancies in The Bahamas today. Sex education starts in the home as well.Parents should begin introducing the subject of puberty and sex with their children at around age 5. At irst these discussions are more based on the relationships between the sexes. Schools also teach teens about the chances and effects of teenage pregnancies, though the approach will depend on each school. Teens have hormones raging through their bodies and often misunderstand how these hormones affect their choices about safe sex. Implementing a parenting class to become a part of the curriculum in Bahamian schools will help teach girls about the dedication and time it takes to be a teenage mother.The class should also include lessons on different ypes of contraceptives and birth control methods. *Providing Resources to Prevent In addition to teaching teens about teenage pregnancy, parents and school systems should provide a list of resources for teens that are contemplating having sex. These resources often include phone numbers to local support groups and locations where teens can pick up free condoms. Some school systems can even choose to hand out condoms as part of their safe sex services. *Birth Control and Teen Pregnancies Teenage girls can be placed on birth control to stop teenage pregnancies.This does not mean sexual education is no longer needed. Birth control and condoms may prevent teenage pregnancies but they will not stop the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases like HIV, syphilis and gonorrhea. When choosing birth control, parents and teens have options. There are daily, monthly and tri-monthly birth control solutions. Daily birth control pills are the most common utilized by teen girls trying to prevent pregnancy. The pills need to be taken at the same time every day, however, which can be difficult for some teen girls to remember.Parents can discuss birth control options with the family physician or gynecologist. The solutions proposed should be greatly considered by the government and schools, as they would pose to be great options in helping our teenage girls. Although the pregnancy rate amongst teens has decreased by two percent over the last ten years, PACE still enrolls 100 to 150 pregnant teens a year. The age group mostly affected by this epidemic are girls ages 14 to 15. We should be making moves to encourage our young girls to make smarter choices. Teen Pregnancy On average, 700 girls are impregnated each year in The Bahamas. Twenty percent of these teen mothers have another child while they are still in their teens according to the president of the PACE Foundation, Sonia Brown. We are urging citizens to take a stand and educate our children about contraceptives and the irresponsibility and lack of knowledge that leads to teenage pregnancy. Most teens that have children find it harder to become a part of the work force because their time is more focused on their child.They are less prepared to enter the working world because they are ill prepared due to being forced to be adults at a young age. Thus, not completing school in most instances. When they enter the Job market these teens need assistance with day care and other services that they are often unable to afford due to their minimum wage Jobs that they barely qualify for. Unplanned teenage pregnancies can lead to higher high school dropout rates, higher rates of single parenthood, and lo wering scores in math and reading.Stopping teenage pregnancy requires a hands-on connection between parents and hildren, a good educational foundation, and unbiased resources. The COB Gazette is campaigning for: *Teaching Sex Education to Stop Teenage Pregnancy Government officials claim that their efforts to fght teenage pregnancy is that they already have parenthood sessions in government schools but those are not effective enough because we still have a large number of teenage pregnancies in The Bahamas today. Sex education starts in the home as well.Parents should begin introducing the subject of puberty and sex with their children at around age 5. At irst these discussions are more based on the relationships between the sexes. Schools also teach teens about the chances and effects of teenage pregnancies, though the approach will depend on each school. Teens have hormones raging through their bodies and often misunderstand how these hormones affect their choices about safe sex. Implementing a parenting class to become a part of the curriculum in Bahamian schools will help teach girls about the dedication and time it takes to be a teenage mother.The class should also include lessons on different ypes of contraceptives and birth control methods. *Providing Resources to Prevent In addition to teaching teens about teenage pregnancy, parents and school systems should provide a list of resources for teens that are contemplating having sex. These resources often include phone numbers to local support groups and locations where teens can pick up free condoms. Some school systems can even choose to hand out condoms as part of their safe sex services. *Birth Control and Teen Pregnancies Teenage girls can be placed on birth control to stop teenage pregnancies.This does not mean sexual education is no longer needed. Birth control and condoms may prevent teenage pregnancies but they will not stop the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases like HIV, syphilis and gonorrhea. When choosing birth control, parents and teens have options. There are daily, monthly and tri-monthly birth control solutions. Daily birth control pills are the most common utilized by teen girls trying to prevent pregnancy. The pills need to be taken at the same time every day, however, which can be difficult for some teen girls to remember.Parents can discuss birth control options with the family physician or gynecologist. The solutions proposed should be greatly considered by the government and schools, as they would pose to be great options in helping our teenage girls. Although the pregnancy rate amongst teens has decreased by two percent over the last ten years, PACE still enrolls 100 to 150 pregnant teens a year. The age group mostly affected by this epidemic are girls ages 14 to 15. We should be making moves to encourage our young girls to make smarter choices. Teen Pregnancy Teen pregnancy is a growing epidemic in the United States. Teen girls are becoming pregnant at an alarming rate, with a lot of the pregnancies planned. With television shows broadcasting shows such as â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom†, it is giving teenage girls the idea that it is alright to have premarital sex and become pregnant. It is in a way condoning teen pregnancy. I am interested in discussing teen pregnancy and the options that are out there for the teens who find themselves in this situation. I don’t think enough is being done to educate or prepare these teens about how their lives will change in the event of pregnancy. I am especially interested in this issue, because I found myself in this very situation when I was just seventeen years old. I made the decision that was best for me at the time, but wasn’t given all the support I think I needed. I didn’t have anyone to talk to who was going through what I was at the time. I think that teenagers wanting to grow up too fast, peer pressure and television, both reality and fiction, all play a huge role in this problem. I think the answer to probably not solving this problem, but hopefully lowering the number of teen pregnancies is to better educate our teenage population. All in all, I would like to see teens better educated on teen pregnancy. Also to let them know if that is the situation they find themselves in, that there are options out there for them to choose from. There is someone for them to talk to and confide in about what they are feeling and how they want to proceed. There have been numerous surveys of adolescent sexual behavior, but their results have often been inconsistent. There is, however, general agreement about one point: Young people are having sex at an earlier age than they did a century ago. Although this change is just one part of an overall trend toward more liberal sexual attitudes and behaviors, it poses some special problems. In the erotically charged atmosphere of today’s society, young people are often confused about how to deal with their own sexuality. They see the overwhelming importance given to sexual attractiveness in the media-one study estimated that the average teenager ahs witnessed nearly 14,000 sexual encounters on television- yet they also hear their parents and religious advisers telling them that sex is wrong. As a result, many young people begin having sex without really intending to and without taking precautions against pregnancy. In the last decade or so, however, the growing awareness of the dangers of AIDS does appear to have contributed to a decline in the rates of sexual intercourse among teens. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey found that between 1991 and 2005 the percentage of teenagers who are sexually active dropped from 57. 4 percent to 46. 3 percent among males and from 50. 8 percent to 44. 9 percent among females. The rates of pregnancy, abortion, and sexually transmitted disease among teens have actually dropped even faster than the rate of sexual activity. So it appears that, in addition to postponing sex, teens are also becoming more responsible in their sexual activities. For example, the Youth Risk Behavior Survey found that 87. percent of teens were either abstinent or used condoms. Of course, that means that 12. 5 percent of teens were still having unprotected sex, but that is a significant improvement over past decades. Similarly, although the rate of teen pregnancy has declined, more than 11 percent of the babies born in the United States are still born to teenage mothers. Of sexually active teens, 63 percent reported using a condom during their last intercourse, and 17 percent say they used oral contraceptives, but that still means that 20 percent of sexually active teens had no effective protection against pregnancy. Why don’t more sexually active teenagers use contraceptives? In some cases, they may actually want to have a child, but most teenage pregnancies are accidental. Many teenagers are simply ignorant about sexual matters and believe such myths as â€Å"You can’t get pregnant the first time† or â€Å"You won’t get pregnant if you only have sex once in a while. † Teenagers are also influenced by parents and religious leaders who tell them to abstain not only from having sex but also from using birth control. Although birth control requires planning and forethought, it is easy to be swept into an unplanned sexual encounter in the heat of passion. Moreover, some teenagers feel that planning a sexual encounter is immoral but that if they are caught up in the heat of the moment and unable to stop, they can’t be blamed for their actions. Finally, teenagers often do not know how to get birth control devices or are afraid that their parents will get angry if they do. Teen Pregnancy Subject:Argumentative Synthesis Research Paper Sheltering the youth from birth control does not decrease the percentage of teen pregnancy but it fact helps initiate unprotected sex. The increase in teen pregnancy is due to, inadequate sexual education available to adolescents, lack of knowledge and resources for birth control, and the environment the individual grew up around. Research Questions Does providing adolescents with birth control increase teen pregnancy 1 Is there enough information on the consequences of unprotected sex easily accessible to today’s youth 2 Is the environment a teen lives in a factor of getting pregnant at a young age 3 Are parents willing to inform their child(ren) about the consequences about unprotected sex 4 Are parents more excepting about their child having sex if they know they are using protection 5 How does having condoms at easy access for teens result in unprotected sex Sources ttp://www. solutionsforamerica. org/healthyfam/teenage-pregna ncy. html http://www. escrh. eu/about-esc/news/young-people-report-high-levels-unprotected-sex-and-barriers-affecting-their-right-ob http://healthpsych. psy. vanderbilt. edu/condomConumdrum. htm * Write a brief paragraph here Three Supports for Thesis Statement * Teenage pregnancy and birth rates both dropped in the 1990s among all racial and ethnic groups.Increased use of contraceptives and increased abstinence * Teenage pregnancy is linked to several risk factors including: being poor, living in a single-parent household, child abuse, and risky behaviors such as drug abuse and early or unprotected sex * On average, only half of young people surveyed across Europe (55%) receive sex education in school compared to three quarters across Latin America (78%), Asia Pacific (76%) and the USA (74%) Arguments and Rebuttals * With the easy access of condoms there is more risk for teen pregnancy * Some positive aspects of providing condoms included that providing ondoms could reduce incidenc e of unwanted, teenage pregnancy and the spread of STDs. Secondly, a comprehensive sex education program including condom provision accepts the inevitability of adolescent sex and encourages students to make wise, â€Å"safe† decisions if they do have sex. * There is enough sexual education available to the adolescents in our society * Comprehensive health education or sexuality education that includes information on contraception; this may delay sexual initiation and increase contraceptive use.Youth development programs that include sex education along with other activities such as, volunteering, mentoring, and job training are associated with delayed first sex and lower teenage pregnancy rates * The environment that an adolescent is exposed to has nothing to do with the outcome of teen pregnancy * It was found in a study by the American Medical Association that â€Å"Teens who live in neighborhoods that have high levels of poverty, low levels of education, and high residen tial turnover are at a higher risk for teen pregnancy†(AMA,7).A similar study found that family factors also contribute to the rising rate of teen pregnancy. These include the income level of the family, as well as the family structure. Teens that were born to teenage parents are also more likely to become teenage parents themselves Reference Page Reising, Michelle. â€Å"Condom Conundrum: Should Condoms be Available in Schools?. † Health Psychology Home Page. Ed. David Schlundt. Vanderbilt University, n. . Web. 15 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"Teenage Pregnancy Prevention. † Solutions For America. Healthy Families and Children, n. d. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"Young people report high levels of unprotected sex and barriers affecting their right to obtain trustworthy information about sex and Teen Pregnancy On average, 700 girls are impregnated each year in The Bahamas. Twenty percent of these teen mothers have another child while they are still in their teens according to the president of the PACE Foundation, Sonia Brown. We are urging citizens to take a stand and educate our children about contraceptives and the irresponsibility and lack of knowledge that leads to teenage pregnancy. Most teens that have children find it harder to become a part of the work force because their time is more focused on their child.They are less prepared to enter the working world because they are ill prepared due to being forced to be adults at a young age. Thus, not completing school in most instances. When they enter the Job market these teens need assistance with day care and other services that they are often unable to afford due to their minimum wage Jobs that they barely qualify for. Unplanned teenage pregnancies can lead to higher high school dropout rates, higher rates of single parenthood, and lo wering scores in math and reading.Stopping teenage pregnancy requires a hands-on connection between parents and hildren, a good educational foundation, and unbiased resources. The COB Gazette is campaigning for: *Teaching Sex Education to Stop Teenage Pregnancy Government officials claim that their efforts to fght teenage pregnancy is that they already have parenthood sessions in government schools but those are not effective enough because we still have a large number of teenage pregnancies in The Bahamas today. Sex education starts in the home as well.Parents should begin introducing the subject of puberty and sex with their children at around age 5. At irst these discussions are more based on the relationships between the sexes. Schools also teach teens about the chances and effects of teenage pregnancies, though the approach will depend on each school. Teens have hormones raging through their bodies and often misunderstand how these hormones affect their choices about safe sex. Implementing a parenting class to become a part of the curriculum in Bahamian schools will help teach girls about the dedication and time it takes to be a teenage mother.The class should also include lessons on different ypes of contraceptives and birth control methods. *Providing Resources to Prevent In addition to teaching teens about teenage pregnancy, parents and school systems should provide a list of resources for teens that are contemplating having sex. These resources often include phone numbers to local support groups and locations where teens can pick up free condoms. Some school systems can even choose to hand out condoms as part of their safe sex services. *Birth Control and Teen Pregnancies Teenage girls can be placed on birth control to stop teenage pregnancies.This does not mean sexual education is no longer needed. Birth control and condoms may prevent teenage pregnancies but they will not stop the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases like HIV, syphilis and gonorrhea. When choosing birth control, parents and teens have options. There are daily, monthly and tri-monthly birth control solutions. Daily birth control pills are the most common utilized by teen girls trying to prevent pregnancy. The pills need to be taken at the same time every day, however, which can be difficult for some teen girls to remember.Parents can discuss birth control options with the family physician or gynecologist. The solutions proposed should be greatly considered by the government and schools, as they would pose to be great options in helping our teenage girls. Although the pregnancy rate amongst teens has decreased by two percent over the last ten years, PACE still enrolls 100 to 150 pregnant teens a year. The age group mostly affected by this epidemic are girls ages 14 to 15. We should be making moves to encourage our young girls to make smarter choices.